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Community-based management
Community-based management (CBM) is a bottom up approach of organization which can be facilitated by an upper government or NGO structure but it aims for local stakeholder participation in the planning, research, development, management and policy making for a community as a whole. The decentralization of managing tactics enables local people to deal with the unique social, political and ecological problems their community might face and find solutions ideal to their situation. Overwhelming national or local economic, political and social pressures can affect the efficiency of CBM as well as its long term application.
CBM varies across spatial and temporal scales to reflect the ever-changing distinctive physical and/or human environment it is acting within. While the specifics of each practice might differ, existing research maintains that community based management, when implemented properly, is incredibly beneficial not only for the health of the environment, but also for the well-being of the stakeholders.〔Wollenberg, R., Edmunds, D. & Buck, L. 2000. Using Scenarios to Make Decisions About the Future: anticipatory learning for the adaptive co-management of Community Forests. Landscape and Urban Planning, 47: 65–77.〕〔Sultana, P., & Abeyasekera, S. 2008. Effectiveness of Participatory Planning for Community Management of Fisheries in Bangladesh. Journal of Environmental Management, 86: 201–213.〕〔Banks, T., Richard C., Ping, L., & Zhaoli, Y. 2003. Community-Based Grassland Management in Western China. Mountain Research Development, 23(2): 132–140.〕〔Ellis, E., & Porter-Bolland, L. 2008. Is Community-Based Forest Management More Effective than Protected Areas? A comparison of land use/land cover change in Two Neighboring study areas of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Forest Ecology & Management, 256: 1971–1983.〕〔Olsson, P., & Folke, C. 2001. Local Ecological Knowledge and Institutional Dynamics for Ecosystem Management: A Study of Lake Racken Watershed, Sweden. Ecosystems, 4: 85–104〕
== Cultural Change & Sustainability ==
Social ideologies and cultural divides between regions and often within regions challenge the implications of CBM. The process of identifying stakeholders and maintaining policies needs to fluctuate culturally to imply the sustainability of CBM. Scrutiny of inequality issues and the level of self-management a community will take on needs to be evaluated for each CBM implementation. Therefore, cultural beliefs can be communicated politically whether the community agrees with CBM or not.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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